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Russify X Windows
Good ForX Windows version X11R6 on most UNIX platforms. We also have an old package for X11R5 but we really really recommend upgrade to X11R6.NOTE: Official name for X Windows is X Window System or X Version 11 or X. We also use the name X Windows because this name is the most widely used.
Installing KOI8-R FontsHere we describe Xrus package that comes both in source and binary form. It contains a corrected version of both proportional and fixed KOI8-R fonts. These fonts do have letter "Yo" (³) in the correct position..
Xrus KOI8-R Fonts (in BDF format)
(1a) Download 370 Kb file
xrus-src.tar.gz
to your home directory.
(1b) If you do not have gunzip, get it
right here
and compile it.
(2) Directory xrus will be automatically created.
(3) In xrus directory run xset fp+ `pwd`
(4) Test fonts by doing xlsfonts -fn "*-koi8-r" and/or xfd -fn koi9x15. (5) If fonts look OK, you can add line xset fp+ ~/xrus to your .xinitrc file, so that cyrillic fonts are automatically loaded every time you start X.
Xrus CP-1251 Fonts (in BDF format)Yes, now you can have CP-1251 fonts on your X Window system. We had to put them under the iso8859-5 because buggy Netscape would not allow these fonts to work under official CP-1251 name.
(1a) Download file
xrus-1251.tar.gz
to your home directory.
(2) Directory xrus-1251 is automatically created.
(3) In xrus-1251 directory run xset fp+ `pwd` (4) Test fonts by doing xlsfonts -fn "*-iso8859-5" and/or xfd -fn 1251-9x15. (5) If fonts look OK, you can add line xset fp+ ~/xrus-1251 to your .xinitrc file, so that cyrillic fonts are automatically loaded every time you start X. Font TroubleshootingSo you tried hard and it did not work. It happens. If "xset fp+ `pwd`" complains about something, then fonts are not installed and there is a problem that you need to fix. Most likely, you are trying to install fonts on machine on which you do not own the console and therefore the X server. Say, you are at console of machine adroit, and you login to machine elan using rlogin. In this case you need to run "xset fp+" on adroit, not on elan! X terminals and X emulators. Many people ask why they cannot install these fonts on X terminals. The answer is: because they try to install it not on X terminal itself, but rather on computer that they get connected to by means of X terminal. Going into detail, X terminal is a diskless computer whose sole function is to be an X server that you use. Since you should say "xset fp+ ..." *only to your X server* and since operating system of X terminal is usually invisible to the user, it may be difficult or impossible to add cyrillic fonts to X terminal.
Alexander Belopolsky
offers his
Advice on Xterm russification
here on SovInformBureau.
More advice on X terminals from Pavel Potylitsyn
at pavel@atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca:
PCs with X emulation is yet another kind of X terminal. I used to have one at work. Again, saying "xset fp+ ..." will not work, since PCs (the ones running MSDOS) do not have shell and they do not have xset and all other UNIX stuff. But Xconfig has a Fonts section that you can use to add new fonts. Also eXceed (X emulator often used these days) can convert *.bdf files to its own font format.
More wisdom on russifying Exceed from Leonid Reyzin
Sun OpenWindows.
If your work with SUN OpenWindows, then run:
bldfamily
makes Families.list file (advice by manin@camelot.mssm.edu (Dmitrii Manin)).
We recommend everybody to use XrusKb
keyboard switcher.
Its main advantage is that it provides uniform keyboard
switching environment on all platforms and therefore
you do not have to infinitely play with cryptic XMM
commands trying to make your layout work directly on X.
That is, XrusKb is less dependent on "features" and bugs of your
particular X server implementation than a regular *.xmm file, because
it is a separate application that translates your keyboard input.
Another big advantage is that CapsLock key is not used
for switching language -- it is used (can you believe it!) for locking Caps mode.
LeftShift+RightShift switches the language.
And a little disadvantage that cannot stop a real programmer:
you need to have make and C compiler
to compile the xrus application.
This package was written by Alexander V. Lukaynov (lav@yars.free.net).
Installation instructions:
If configure and compilation have completed without errors, then
xruskb is ready for work.
Please note that letter "Yo" is available only
in yawerty-koi8-xrus.xmm layout.
If you decided not to use XrusKb for some reason,
you can try the old way -- beating your X system into
accepting cyrillic XMM file.
Installing *.xmm files from the X fonts distribution:
Once you unzipped the Xrus distribution file into xrus directory,
the xrus directory also contains
Cyrillic keyboard mappings (*.xmm files).
(1a) If you want your Cyrillic keyboard to have YaWERTbI (ñ÷åòôùõéïðûý) layout,
run xmodmap ~/xrus/yawerty.koi8.xmm
(2) Cyrillic/Latin register is switched by CapsLock key.
(3) If cyrillic keyboard works OK, you can add line
xmodmap ~/xrus/yawerty.koi8.xmm to
your .xinitrc file,
so that cyrillic keyboard is loaded every time you start X.
If you want to use non-X applcation that accept their input via shell,
you need to tell shell to let 8-bit characters go thru.
Most shells by default do not like characters with codes between 128 and 256.
Use stty pass8 or
stty cs8 to make this happen.
Keyboard mapping in X is not easy, because keycodes are different
on different platforms, and even modifiers work slightly differently.
So you may have to fix *.xmm files to make them work on a particular
platform.
You are welcome to send fixes back to me, and they will appear here.
Accelerated X.
Please note that *.xmm files in my distribution contain 2 setups:
one that works for most X systems, and the other that works
for Accelerated X (tested on BSDI 2.1 and Linux).
The setup for Accelerated X sits in file yawerty-AccelX.koi8.xmm.
I did it for one particular *.xmm file, but you can easily propagate it
to other files.
CTRL in Cyrillic mode.
Does not work, because of bug in X.
To use CTRL modifier, switch back to latin mode by hitting CapsLock.
HPUX 10.20.
Use the
yawerty-koi8-hpux1020-xrus1.xmm
file that was modified by Ryan R Gibby (gibbyr@ee.byu.edu)
to work on HPUX 10.20.
Xrus package was written by A. Vakulenko and/or Cronyx Ltd.
Then it was fixed by A. Chernov.
After that I fixed several bugs.
The following fixed fonts are available:
To make emacs accept cyrillic characters that you type,
execute command (standard-display-european 1).
Valery Alexeev offers a cyrillic mode for emacs here:
http://www.math.uga.edu/~valery/russian.el.
(2) In Netscape Navigator select Options.GeneralPreference.Fonts.
(3a) Set Encoding to Western(iso-8859-1).
(3b) Set Encoding to Cyrillic(koi8-r).
(3b) Set Encoding to Cyrillic(iso-8859-5).
(4) Push OK button.
(5) Select Options.SaveOptions.
Now when browsing both Cyrillic KOI8-R HTML pages and English-only HTML pages,
you will see beautiful English and Cyrillic characters.
When you browse KOI8-R Cyrillic pages, default Western
encoding setting should be OK, but you also may select
Options.DocumentEncoding.Cyrillic(KOI8-R).
When you browse CP-1251 Cyrillic pages, select
Options.DocumentEncoding.Cyrillic(ISO 8859-5).
Some HTML pages will set the correct encoding automatically in your browser,
if version of the browser is new enough.
But if this does not happen, you need to set the correct encoding manually.
To make Netscape use KOI8-R fonts for menus, dialogues, bookmarks, mail, news
add
these lines
to your .Xdefaults file.
Printing.
It is not possible to make Netscape 2.0 and 3.0
use cyrillic fonts for printing.
So solution to this problem is not known yet.
Maybe, Netscape will do something in version 4.0.
All converters for UNIX come in C source, so check them out at
Converters section.
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